Global ecosystem typology

Alternative site for the Global ecosystem typology with additional information for ecosystem profiles and indicative maps.

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FM1.1 Deepwater coastal inlets

Biome: FM1. Semi-confined transitional waters biome

Contributors:
(texts)

Ecosystems in these deep, narrow inlets were mostly formed by glaciers and subsequently flooded (e.g. fjords). They have some features of open oceans, but are strongly influenced by freshwater inflows and the surrounding coast. Productivity by phytoplankton is seasonal and limited by cold, dark winters. Oxygen may be limited in the deepest parts of these systems. The diverse biota includes invertebrates and fish, such as jellyfish and salmon, and predatory marine mammals such as killer whales.

Key Features

Strong gradients between adjacent terrestrial and freshwater systems,e.g. fjords. Seasonaly abundant plankton, jellies, fish and mammals..

Overview of distribution

Glaciated coastlines (current or historical) in polar or cool-temperate regions.

Profile versions

  • v1.0 (2020-01-20): DA Keith; EJ Gregr; A Lindgaard
  • v2.0 (2020-05-27): DA Keith; EJ Gregr; A Lindgaard; TS Bianchi
  • v2.01 ():
  • v2.1 (2022-04-06): DA Keith; EJ Gregr; A Lindgaard; TS Bianchi Full profile available at official site

Main references

Selected references for this functional group:

  • Salvanes AGV (2001) Review of ecosystem models of fjords; new insights of relevance to fisheries management Sarsia 86:441-463

  • Zaborska A, Włodarska-Kowalczuk M, Legeżyńska J et al. (2018) Sedimentary organic matter sources, benthic consumption and burial in west Spitsbergen fjords – Signs of maturing of Arctic fjordic systems? Journal of Marine Systems 180: 112–123

  • Bianchi TS, Arndt S, Austin WEN, Benn DI, Bertrand S, Cui X, Faust JC, Koziorowska-Makuch K, Moy CM, Savage C, Smeaton C, Smith RW, Syvitski J (2020) Fjords as Aquatic Critical Zones (ACZs) Earth-Science Reviews 203, 103145 DOI:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103145

Diagrammatic assembly model

Diagrammatic assembly model of FM1.1 Deepwater coastal inlets. See general notes on diagrams. Open image full size.

Maps

Maps are indicative of global distribution patterns are not intended to represent fine-scale patterns. The maps show areas of the world containing major (coloured red) or minor occurrences (coloured yellow) of each ecosystem functional group. See general notes on maps.

There are 2 alternative versions of the indicative map for this functional group, please compare description and sources below.

FM1.1.IM.alt_v3.0

Datasets

  • SRTM30-PLUS-V11
  • Coastal-Typology-2011
  • GeoNames-2020
  • SCAR-gazetteer-2020

Map references

  • Becker JJ, Sandwell DT, Smith WHF, Braud J, Binder B, Depner J, Fabre D, Factor J, Ingalls S, Kim S-H, Ladner R, Marks K, Nelson S, Pharaoh A, Trimmer R, Von Rosenberg J, Wallace G, Weatherall P (2009) Global Bathymetry and Elevation Data at 30 Arc Seconds Resolution: SRTM30_PLUS, Marine Geodesy 32: 355-371. DOI:10.1080/01490410903297766

  • Dürr, H. H., G. G. Laruelle, C. M. van Kempen, C. P. Slomp, M. Meybeck and H. Middelkoop (2011) Worldwide Typology of Nearshore Coastal Systems: Defining the Estuarine Filter of River Inputs to the Oceans Estuaries and Coasts 34(3), 441-458 DOI:10.1007/s12237-011-9381-y

  • GeoNames (2020) The GeoNames geographical database [https://www.geonames.org] Accessed in Feb 2020

  • Secretariat SCAR (1992, updated 2020). Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research. GCMD Metadata

FM1.1.web.map_v1.0

Known locations of fjords where selected from a global geographical gazetteer (GeoNames 2020) and the composite gazetteer of Antarctica (SCAR 1992-2020). We further selected related coastal areas from a global coastal typology (Type IV in Dürr et al. 2011) and the adjacent marine shelves to 2000 meter depth (Becker et al 2009). A composite map was created at 30 arc seconds spatial resolution in geographic projection, occurrences were then aggregated to half degree spatial resolution and reclassified as major occurrences (cells with at least one known occurrence) and minor occurrences (cells with > 5% occurrence of coastal/marine shelf areas). Minor occurrences were clipped to a 10km buffer along the coast to remove inland and oceanic areas. Open image full size.

Datasets

  • SRTM30-PLUS-V11
  • Coastal-Typology-2011
  • GeoNames-2020
  • SCAR-gazetteer-2020

Map references

  • Becker JJ, Sandwell DT, Smith WHF, Braud J, Binder B, Depner J, Fabre D, Factor J, Ingalls S, Kim S-H, Ladner R, Marks K, Nelson S, Pharaoh A, Trimmer R, Von Rosenberg J, Wallace G, Weatherall P (2009) Global Bathymetry and Elevation Data at 30 Arc Seconds Resolution: SRTM30_PLUS, Marine Geodesy 32: 355-371. DOI:10.1080/01490410903297766

  • Dürr, H. H., G. G. Laruelle, C. M. van Kempen, C. P. Slomp, M. Meybeck and H. Middelkoop (2011) Worldwide Typology of Nearshore Coastal Systems: Defining the Estuarine Filter of River Inputs to the Oceans Estuaries and Coasts 34(3), 441-458 DOI:10.1007/s12237-011-9381-y

  • GeoNames (2020) The GeoNames geographical database [https://www.geonames.org] Accessed in Feb 2020

  • Secretariat SCAR (1992, updated 2020). Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research. GCMD Metadata

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